The Social Problem: Class Inequality

The Social Problem club Inequality gradation inequality refers to the inequality of incomes between individuals, families, or between incompatible groups, areas, or countries (Black, 2002). These inequalities occur as a result of differences in the ability to secure incomes as comfortably as differences in property ownership. Some individuals unremarkably have lower incomes than new(prenominal)s, especially those who are economically inactive. This is usually as a result of age, vile health, or inability to get hold employment.Class inequality is a major social problem in the US and other parts of the world. For example, several studies have demonstrated that a childs next may be determined by the social status. One beat up represent that although children may have similarities in their ability, differences in the circumstances to which they were innate(p) could occupy the difference on who will be successful in future, and who will not. By con positionring two childre n Bobby (the son of a lawyer) and Jimmy (son of a custodial assistant) who both do well in class, the larn found that it makes it 27 dates much alike(p)ly that Bobby will get a high profile job, magic spell Jimmy had one chance in eight of earning a median income. It is projected that currently, social inequality is great in the US than in any other industrialized ground (Wolff, 1995). In 2007, a study conducted by the Congressional Office thorax revealed that the wealth held by the richest 1 percent of the total American universe totaled US$16.8 trillion, which makes up USD$2 trillion more than the have wealth of the lower 90 percent of the American population. some other study conducted by the Center for American Progress (2007) showed that between 1979 and 2007, the average income of the empennage 50 percent of American households grew by only 6%, while the top 1% incomes increased by a massive 229 percent. This reveals that the suspension between the rich and the wo rthless in the US is widening, and may motivate the future of children who come from economically disadvantaged families. This may lead to speed rates of crime, violence and drug abuse amongst poor communities.High advances in technology have led to the globalization phenomenon, whereby hoi polloi in different parts of the world can interact faster and less expensively than before. Some activists consider globalization a social problem. For example, Stiglitz (2002) argues that globalization labored developing nations to liberalize their economies before they were ready, which pushed their citizens to poverty, a major social problem. Further, spiritual groups, especially Muslims and Christians, are opposed to globalization because it may erode few of their values. With globalization come cultural clashes, which are leading to erosion of cultures. These conflicts may not be easy to resolve because with globalization, there are touchyies in the issues related to justice, identit y and equity. For example, previously, when disputes arose between people, they could be resolved by the organisation or the local council. The process of conflict resolution was faster. However, with globalization, social disputes go beyond local, regional and international boundaries. The process of conflict resolution is slower, and this makes people smell victimized, angry and powerless. As a result, there is a list for people to turn to violence when they feel they have no alternative. correspond to Stiglitz, globalization has its advantages, nevertheless also disadvantages. He states that it has a high potence to bring benefits to the world. So far, globalization has not brought comparable benefits in many an(prenominal) parts of the world, and it is viewed by many as a disaster. However, since globalization is instantly a reality which affects everyone, it is essential that we strategize on how to benefit from it, and how to mitigate its interdict impacts. In order to reap the benefits of globalization, the world will have to make rational decisions for people on both sides of the divide.A number of sociological Theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes. These include the bank line Theory, the Social Learning Theory, the Control Theory, the Labeling Theory and the social Disorganization Theory. agree to Agnew (1992), all crime theories attempt to explain crime as a component of the social environment. Social environment includes the family, school, peer group, workplace, community as well as the fiat. The structural reach theory, for example, states that social structures in a troupe could encourage its citizens to commit crimes. The structural strain theory was modern by several sociologists. These were Merton (1938), Cohen (1955), Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992), as well as Messner and Rosenfeld (1994). consort to the authors, strain can either be structural, which depicts the processes at the societal level which fall into place down and affect how an individual perceives his or her needs. That is, if particular social structures are inherently inadequate, the individuals intelligences may change to view them as opportunities. On the other hand, strain can be at the individual level, where it refers to the pain experience by an individual when he seeks ways to satisfy his needs. At this level, if the goals of a society become significant to an individual, actually achieving them may become more important than the means adopted.The labeling theory, also known as social answer theory, was developed by Howard Becker (1963), a sociologist. This theory states that deviance is not a quality of the act, since results from personality factors associated with committing deviance. Its main focus is on the linguistic course of majorities to negatively label minorities, mainly those perceived as deviant from the norms. According to this theory, self-identity and behavior of individuals can be influenced by the terms used to eviscerate them. This theory is sometimes used to explain why people take drugs. An individual, for example, may escape to drugs due to low self esteem resulting from universe constantly stereotyped. marque outset 1982 Ridley Scott analysis of Postmodernism stain stolon 1982 Ridley Scott Analysis of PostmodernismResearch Proposal Commentary marque Runner 1982 Ridley ScottPostmodernism, after the modernist movement, is a term now almost as ubiquitous, disliked and misunderstood as its parent, the modern (Jencks, C, p.14). It is a reaction to modernism, an artistic, to try and describe changes to conditions and institutions by the bill of exchange of attention to conventions (Oxford, 2009). Throughout this commentary I will explain how my elect inject of discussion blade Runner 1982, directed by Ridley Scott, is relevant to the postmodern era.I have chosen Blade Runner as the object for study as it is one of my favourite films I feel it engages ar tistically and complexly with the issue of postmodernism. It is around the theme of identity I consider the film best represents not only its understanding of postmodernity but also its connection with postmodernism, as the structure of feeling of late capitalism (McGuigan, 1992, p.221).The city of Blade Runner is relevant to the postmodern era, as it highlights the commission of post-industrial decay it is not the ultra-modern but rather the postmodern city. The city represents an aesthetic of decay, revealing the process of disintegration what could be seen as the dark side of technology (Giuliana, B). Recycling, erosion and the explosion of boundaries help reinforce this postmodern aesthetic in Blade Runner. Post-industrialism, spatial relations, urban decay, pastiche consumption and time consumption are five recognised postmodern issues I find to be represented within Blade Runner.Post-industrialism is clearly embodied in Blade Runners Tyrell Corporation (the main business c ompany within the film). The film references changes in the dominant mode of production and the organisation of business, which could be called advance(a) corporate capitalism (Davis, 1992). 1.Harvey 1989 states how flexible assemblage creates the postmodern economic actuality of overcome corporate power Blade Runner is inundated with advanced technology, from loom cars, large electronic advertisements on blimps to videophones, the driving force behind the post-industrial society creating this power.In terms of spatial relations, postmodernity is characterised by class polarisation, with the wealthy and the poor becoming progressively more socially isolated from each other. This blood makes itself evident in the concrete spatial relations of postmodern cities, like Los Angeles (2.Harvey, 1989). This is made apparent with the architectural mise-en-scene in Blade Runner, particularly with the massive ivory tower of Tyrell, dominating the urban landscape of the poor, portraying a hierarchical class division.One of the most clearly presented conditions of postmodernity in Blade Runner is time compression, the outcome of increased consumption and exchange on the experience of time. Bringing with it an emphasis of unpredictability and volatility (2.Harvey, 1989), the postmodern society is required to become accustomed to the demands of flexible accumulation. This is relevant with the replicant characters in Blade Runner, who are forced to live in disconnected temporality (Bruno, G 1990). It is this lack of safe temporal continuity represented within Blade Runner (Jameson, 1985) from neurotic preoccupation of its characters with individual pasts to ageing diseases that makes the film postmodern.Another issue represented within Blade Runner, which is considered another postmodern concern, is urban decay. Bruno states the speed and growth of development brings its own rapid ineluctable remnant and decay. Blade Runner portrays a post-industrial decaying future of Los Angeles, opposed to the familiar perception of ultra-modernity (shown within sci-fi films in the 1950s). It emphasises the effect of de-concentration with the result of immigration known as geographical displacements and condensations (Bruno, 1990). As the upper class individuals vacate vast areas of the city, the poor and immigrants then can use these areas. Blade Runners Off World colonies could be a symbolic extension in the trend to vacate a city in support of the commuter land of home-based work, as a blimp advertises A chance to begin againAs well as the issue of urban decay being a postmodern issue within Blade Runner, there is also pastiche consumption. This is where the postmodern culture and postmodern socio-economics links start to be revealed as difficult and uneven (Connor, 1989). In the film, the use of pastiche images and past/present modalitys is visualised particularly in the mixture of architectural designs within the urban landscape, as Bruno states it is a pastiche city. An example of this pastiche in Blade Runner is where Rachael played by actress Sean Young is dressed in 1940s service clothing blending the space age of the 1960s. An architectural example is the style of the retro bar where Deckard (Harrison Ford) finds Zhora (Joanna Cassidy).These points I have outlined reveal how Blade Runner is considered to be relevant to the postmodern era, using postmodern hypothetic references. However, they are not the only reference points between Blade Runner and postmodernism. The Film also portrays elements of hyperreality and simulacra, which I will discuss within the essay.BibliographyJencks, C. (1996). What is Postmodernism?. make by Academy Press 4 edition (June 13, 1996)Oxford Dictionary. (2009). Postmodernism. Available at http//www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/postmodernism?view=uk Accessed 28/10/09McGuigan, J. (1992). Anomie of the people. In heathen Populism. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Giuliana, B. (1987). Ramble City Postmodernism and Blade Runner. Available at http//www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Bruno/bladerunner.html Accessed 28/10/09Davis, M. (1992). City of Quartz Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London Vintage.Harvey, D. (1989). Flexible accumulation through urbanization reflections on Post-Modernism in the American city. In The urban Experience. Oxford Basil Blackwell.Harvey, D. (1989a). Time-space compression and the postmodern condition. In The Condition of Postmodernity An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford Basil Blackwell.Bruno, G. (1990). Ramble city postmodernism and Blade Runner. In A. Kuhn (ed.), Alien regulate Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema. London Verso.Jameson, F. (1985). Postmodernism and consumer society. In H. Foster (ed.), Postmodern purification. London Pluto Press.Connor, S. (1989). Postmodernities. In Postmodernist Culture An Introduction to Theories of the Contemporary. Oxford Blackwell.